Introduction

1. Signs
1.1. Crisis of a concept
1.2. The signs of an obstinacy
1.3. Intension and extension
1.4. Elusive solutions
1.5. The deconstruction of the linguistic sign
1.6. Signs vs. words
1.7. The stoics
1.8. Unification of the theories and the predominance of linguistics
1.9. The ‘instructional’ model
1.10. Strong codes and weak codes
1.11. Abduction and inferential nature of signs
1.12. The criterion of interpretability
1.13. Sign and subject

2. Dictionary vs. Encyclopedia
2.1. Porphyry strikes back
2.2 Critique of the Porphyrian tree
2.3. Encyclopedias

3. Metaphor
3.1. The metaphoric nexus
3.2. Traditional definitions
3.3. Aristotle: synecdoche and Porphyrian tree
3.4. Aristotle: metaphors of three terms
3.5. Aristotle: the proportional scheme
3.6. Proportion and condensation
3.7. Dictionary and encyclopedia
3.8. The cognitive function
3.9. The semiosic background: the system of content
3.10. The limits of formalization
3.11. Componential representation and the pragmatics of the text
3.12. Conclusions

4. Symbol
4.1. Genus and species
4.2. Expressions by ratio facilis
4.3. Expressions produced by ratio difficilis
4.4. The symbolic mode
4.5. Semiotics of the symbolic mode
4.6. Conclusions

5. Code
5.1. The rise of new category
5.2. The landslide effect
5.3. Codes and communication
5.4. Codes as s-codes
5.5. Cryptography and natural languages
5.6. S-codes and signification
5.7 The genetic code
5.8. Toward a provisonal conclusion

6. Isotopy
6.1. Discursive isotopies within sentences with paradigmatic disjunction
6.2. Discursive isotopies within sentences with syntagmatic disjunction
6.3. Discursive isotopies between sentences with paradigmatic disjunction
6.4. Discursive isotopies between sentences with syntagmatic disjunction
6.5. Narrative isotopies connected with isotopic discur